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Lithium-ion batteries have become an integral part of our lives today. Li-ion batteries help power most of the devices you use in your day-to-day activities, such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, smartwatches, etc.
The battery&#;s role has proven to be effective in powering bigger devices such as electric bikes and vehicles - including buses, motorcycle batteries is one of them. This article focuses on the 3.7V lithium ion battery.
By reading this article, you&#;ll get to understand: Why do Li-ion batteries have a voltage of 3.7V; How to properly charge and recharge your 3.7V lithium-ion battery; How long does a 3.7V Li-ion battery last. Let&#;s dig right in!
Now, your Li-ion battery's voltage primarily depends on the anode and cathode material of its cells. 3.7V is the voltage of ternary lithium batteries, not all lithium batteries are the same voltage, lithium iron phosphate is 3.2V. General lithium cobalt oxide, ternary positive electrode with graphite anode can obtain a full charge voltage of about 4.2V, while lithium iron phosphate can only reach 3.6V. With that in mind, you&#;ll find out that most of lithium-ion batteries have a nominal (average) voltage of 3.7V.
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The maximum voltage your 3.7V lithium ion battery can have is 4.2V, also known as the maximum safe voltage/charge cut-off Voltage. When the battery is completely discharged, it will have a voltage of 2.75V, also known as the minimum safe voltage.
Here&#;s the deal:Most lithium-ion battery cells have a voltage of 3.7V because of their cell chemical properties, they are ternary lithium battery. A single ternary lithium battery has 3.7V as its nominal voltage. You are now probably thinking to yourself: What are 3.7V lithium-ion batteries used for? Keep reading this article as this question is covered in the next section.
Most 3.7V batteries are used for powering devices like smartphones, tablets, EVs solar system etc. The reason why 3.7V lithium-ion batteries are so popular today is because of their reliability.
On top of that, Li-ion batteries can power your devices for a long duration, and if handled correctly, they can have up to 4,000 cycles. Check this out: Li-ion batteries have a great future because, apart from powering your devices, because of their high energy density, the batteries are also super-light.
Their charging and discharging rates are also excellent compared to other batteries, such as nickel-based batteries. Now, to be able to use your 3.7V Li-ion battery comfortably, you need to know how to choose the right one.
Selecting suitable batteries, in general, can be pretty difficult if you don't have enough battery knowledge. It is usually a struggle between priorities and limitations. There is not a single perfect battery that works for every application.
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Here are four primary factors that you need to consider when selecting your ideal 3.7 lithium-ion battery:
If your project is power-hungry, you must consider selecting a Li-ion battery with high energy output. Remember, a high voltage does not necessarily mean more power. When you have a Li-ion battery with a 3.7V and another with a 7.4V, the former is not necessarily less power or energy than the latter, it also depends on the capacity of the battery.
Lithium-ion batteries are small in size and light in weight thanks to its high energy density.Selecting the ideal 3.7V lithium ion battery for your project will require you to be specific on size. If you need a powerful Li-ion battery that is small, consider selecting one that has a high energy density. Doing so helps you reduce battery size significantly to fit your project.
Do you intend to use your 3.7V lithium ion battery in areas with extremely high or low temperatures? If so, consider acquiring a battery with an extended operating temperature range. Remember, extremely high or low temperatures affect a typical Li-ion battery lifespan. For relatively cold or hot applications, you can choose lithium batteries with a heating function or cooling system.
How so?High temperatures will cause a surge in pressure inside the battery and intensify chemical reactions, most likely to cause combustion and explosion.When the battery is in a low temperature environment, a part of Li ions will be deposited on the negative surface, causing lithium precipitation phenomenon, resulting in the loss of battery capacity.
The operating temperature of conventional lithium-ion battery is between-20&#; and 60&#;, but generally the performance of lithium-ion battery will decrease below 0&#;, and the discharge capacity will be reduced correspondingly. Therefore, the operating temperature of complete performance of lithium-ion battery is often 0~40&#;. The case is more severe in other types of batteries, like the lead-acid or nickel-based ones.
Durability means that your ideal battery should run effectively and efficiently for many years. Several factors determine the durability of your battery. A typical Li-ion battery has a durability of 4,000 cycles, depending on which will come first. For your battery to remain durable, you'll need to use it in the right way, for example, avoiding overcharging and overdischarging.
When charging lithium-ion batteries, attention should be paid to prevent high current charging, which generally can not exceed 1C. It is recommended that 0.2C is exceeded, otherwise the current will damage the battery life.
You'll also need to select a battery that conforms to the safety standards set by your local authority. For example, you may require 3.7V lithium-ion batteries for smoke and fire detectors. The battery has to conform to the safety standards set out by the fire department.
Recharging your 3.7V lithium ion battery to make it last longer is determined by the charging voltage and the battery design. If your 3.7V lithium-ion battery does not have a protection circuit board (cut-off) to prevent overcharging and over-discharging, consider keeping an eye on the charger and unplugging the battery when it charges up to about 90%.
Use a 4.2V charger to charge your 3.7V lithium ion battery that does not have a protection circuit board. The maximum safe voltage a 3.7V Li-ion battery can hold is 4.2V.
It is possible to charge your 3.7V lithium ion battery using a 6V lithium battery charger, provided that the battery has a properly functioning protection circuit board. The protection circuit board helps the battery prevent overcharging, which can be pretty dangerous.
However, it should be noted that the direct use of this method to charge lithium batteries is easy to cause charging dissatisfaction, damage and other results.This charging method is generally not available, which can damage the battery and lead to the early scrapping of lithium batteries.
It is possible to charge your 3.7V Li-ion battery without a charger. However, it should only be done when urgency is of importance. In other words:It is not safe to charge your Li-ion battery without a charger. Your battery may not have the protection circuit board needed to prevent overcharging, which could damage the battery if you draw power from a source higher than the maximum safe voltage.
Here&#;s a relatable example:You've probably charged your smartphone's battery using your computer's USB port. The USB port does not charge the device's battery as quickly as its charger would because your USB port does not have a stable current to support charging your smartphone's battery. On top of that, doing so continuously damages your battery - it damages the chemicals inside the battery and eventually the smartphone itself.
Yes, it is possible to use a 3.7V lithium ion battery instead of a 3.0V, depending on the application. How so?Using a single lithium-ion battery cell instead of two 1.5V battery cells arranged in a series. Using a battery with a higher voltage, for example, in a flashlight, will produce a brighter light because of the increase in voltage.
How long lithium-ion batteries can last depends on the capacity and the current of the load. If the battery is not being used, it has a shelf life of up to six years as it has a self-discharge rate of about 3.5% per month, assuming that the battery is in a cool, temperature-controlled room away from metallic objects.
Your 3.7V lithium ion battery can be considered dead (completely discharged) at a voltage of 3.4V. Your battery mustn't discharge beyond 2.75V (minimum safe voltage), as it could reduce its life. The vitality of a properly functioning protection circuit board cannot be over-emphasized. When the battery further discharges from 3.4V to 3.0V, the protection circuit board kicks in to prevent further discharge, which may shorten the battery's life.
No, 3.7V lithium-ion batteries are not the same as standard AA batteries. AA batteries produce a voltage of 1.2V(Non-rechargeable) or 1.5V(rechargeable) per cell. 3.7 Li-ion batteries cannot be used in place of standard AA batteries. On top of that, standard AA batteries are not rechargeable.
Also, their nominal voltage is different (AA batteries - 1.5V x 3 = 4.5V), assuming that the batteries are connected in a series. It is worth noting that recent advancements have made it possible to have AA-size Li-ion batteries with a nominal voltage of 1.5V per cell.
The batteries are rechargeable and can be used in place of standard AA batteries. Bottom line:3.7V Li-ion batteries are not the same as standard AA batteries.
It depends on whether the battery is a lithium or a lithium-ion battery. The primary difference between lithium and a lithium-ion battery is that lithium batteries cannot be charged after lithium-ion battery has 4,000 cycles before they run out of capacity.
Most Li-ion polymer batteries have a voltage of 3.7V, because these batteries are ternary lithium batteries. However, not all Li-ion batteries have a voltage of 3.7V. As discussed earlier, you can now find AA-size Li-ion battery with a voltage of 1.5V and LFP battery with a voltage of 3.2V.
The lithium-ion battery voltage chart is an important tool that helps you understand the potential difference between the two poles of the battery. The key parameters you need to keep in mind, include rated voltage, working voltage, open circuit voltage, and termination voltage. Different lithium battery materials typically have different battery voltages caused by the differences in electron transfer and chemical reaction processes. Most popular voltage sizes of lithium batteries include 12V, 24V, and 48V.
Jackery Portable Power Stations feature NMC or stable LiFePO4 batteries that can charge most of your electronic devices for long hours. The fully upgraded BMS (Battery Management System) technology ensures safe electricity supply to the appliances without worrying about voltage fluctuations. They also have high temperature resistant capabilities for efficient operation at different temperatures.
A lithium-ion battery relies on lithium-ion cells that store power by creating an electrical potential difference between positive and negative battery poles. There's an insulating layer called a separator that divides the two battery sides. It allows only the lithium-ion to pass through while blocking the electrons. There are six types of lithium-ion batteries, explained below.
Here is a lithium-ion battery diagram:
Jackery Explorer Portable Power Stations have either NMC or LiFePO4 batteries to charge most electrical appliances for extended periods. They are highly stable, have a long life cycle, and operate well in cold temperatures.
Thanks to their safe nature, lithium-ion batteries are common in solar generators. Different voltage sizes of lithium-ion batteries are available, such as 12V, 24V, and 48V.
The lithium-ion battery voltage chart lets you determine the discharge chart for each battery and charge them safely. Here is 12V, 24V, and 48V battery voltage chart:
Charge Capacity (%)
1 Cell
12 Volt
24 Volt
48 Volt
100
3.40
13.6
27.2
54.4
90
3.35
13.4
26.8
53.6
80
3.32
13.3
26.6
53.1
70
3.30
13.2
26.4
52.8
60
3.27
13.1
26.1
52.6
50
3.26
13.0
26.0
52.5
40
3.25
13.0
26.0
52.4
30
3.22
12.9
25.8
52.0
20
3.20
12.8
25.6
51.6
10
3.00
12.0
24.0
48.0
0
2.50
10.0
20.0
40.0
Generally, battery voltage charts represent the relationship between two crucial factors &#; a battery's SoC (state of charge) and the voltage at which the battery runs. The below table illustrates the 12V lithium-ion battery voltage chart (also known as 12 volt battery voltage chart).
Percentage of Charge
12V Battery Voltage
Specific Gravity using Hydrometer
100%
12.70
1.265
95%
12.64
1.257
90%
12.58
1.249
85%
12.52
1.241
80%
12.46
1.233
75%
12.40
1.225
70%
12.36
1.218
65%
12.28
1.204
55%
12.24
1.197
50%
12.20
1.190
45%
12.16
1.183
40%
12.12
1.176
35%
12.08
1.169
30%
12.04
1.162
25%
12.00
1.155
20%
11.98
1.148
15%
11.96
1.141
10%
11.94
1.134
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5%
11.92
1.127
0% (Discharged)
11.90
1.120
When a lithium-ion battery is plugged into the charger, charging continues until 100% of the state of charge is reached. The charge is then terminated, and the Li-ion battery is allowed to slowly discharge. In Li-ion cells, the relationship between SoC and voltage is relatively flat throughout the cell's discharge range. Here's the lithium battery state of charge chart:
A typical lithium-ion battery voltage curve is the relationship between voltage and state of charge. When the battery discharges and provides an electric current, the anode releases Li ions to the cathode to generate a flow of electrons from one side to the other. The lithium-ion battery charge and discharge curve varies depending on its type.
Aside from lithium-ion, there are many other types of batteries available in the market. The most popular among them are LiFePO4, AGM, lead acid, and deep cycle batteries. Similar to lithium-ion, these battery voltages define how well these batteries perform. The higher the voltage of a battery, the more power it can deliver to the electrical device.
Lead-acid is the oldest rechargeable battery chemistry and is particularly common in diesel or gasoline-fueled vehicles. They deliver the large energy bursts needed for starting engines. Even though they are cost-effective, lead-acid batteries have a lower energy density and shorter lifespan. Additionally, you'll need to maintain them on a regular basis for longevity.
The deep cycle batteries come in a variety of voltages, with 12V being the most popular one. They are designed to provide steady power over extended periods. The newer valve-regulated lead acid deep cycle batteries, such as AGM and GEL, are known for greater depth of discharge.
The LiFePO4 are known for longer lifespan and are better than other standard batteries. The LiFePO4 battery voltage chart represents the relationship between the state of charge (SoC) based on different voltages, such as 12V, 24V, and 48V.
An AGM battery voltage chart defines the relationship between the SoC (state of chart), current, and voltage. The charging and discharging currents affect the battery voltage of AGM batteries and are depicted by the AGM battery voltage chart.
Lithium-ion batteries are known for having a high energy density due to the highly reactive lithium inside them. Some features of lithium-ion batteries include:
High-Energy Density: Lithium-ion batteries have higher energy density than other battery types, so they can store more energy. Hence, lithium-ion batteries are ideal for laptops, smartphones, and power stations.
Long Cycle Life: Lithium-ion batteries can be recharged and discharged thousands of times (on average) before they lose capacity.
Fast Charging: Unlike other battery types, lithium-ion batteries are charged relatively quickly.
Low Self-Discharge Rate: Lithium-ion batteries typically have a lower self-discharge rate. This means they will lose power slowly compared to other devices.
Lithium-ion cells are widely used in PCs and cellular phones because of their high energy density and high voltage. While a lithium-ion cell is a single battery unit, a battery pack combines multiple cells in series or parallel. The typical lifespan of lithium-ion batteries is around 300- charge cycles.
Voltage vs. Charging Relations
The relation between voltage and the battery's charge is often overlooked, but it's important.
This voltage and charging relationship determines the electricity stored in the power stations and the rate at which the electrical energy is released.
The lithium-ion battery's voltage is directly related to stored charge. That means a battery with greater voltage can hold more energy and vice versa.
State of charge (SoC) is the charge level of an electric battery relative to its capacity. It is generally expressed in percentages. The SoC of lithium-ion batteries lies between 0 to 1.
Power density and energy density are the two most common concepts associated with lithium-ion batteries. Power density is the amount of power generated by the battery backup with respect to its mass and is represented in watts per kilogram (W/kg).
On the contrary, energy density is the amount of energy the battery backup can store with respect to mass. It is typically represented in Wh/kg (watt-hours per kilogram). Think of it as a pool where the pool size is the energy density and power density, which can be compared to draining the pool as quickly as possible.
Jackery manufactures high-quality power stations and solar generators to help people switch to clean and green energy. Jackery Explorer Power Stations are portable batteries made with lithium-ion or LiFePO4. The Jackery Explorer Portable Power Stations feature a large-capacity NMC or LiFePO4 battery to charge many appliances like refrigerators, coffee machines, and more.
These battery backup solutions can be recharged via an AC outlet, car charger, and even Jackery SolarSaga Solar Panels. When placed under direct sunlight, the Jackery SolarSaga Solar Panels absorb and eventually convert solar energy into DC electricity. The pure sine wave inverter in the Jackery Explorer Portable Power Station then converts the DC to AC electricity to power all kinds of appliances.
The Jackery Explorer Pro Portable Power Station has an NMC battery of Wh operated at 43.2V DC. The 6*Jackery SolarSaga 200W Solar Panels can recharge the power station in only 3.5 hours. It features several output ports, so you can charge many appliances simultaneously. The battery backup helps you power 99% of home or outdoor appliances, making it an excellent choice for home power outages, RV owners, and even off-grid homes.
Customer Review
"I needed a reliable backup power solution that I could get in place quickly if a power outage occurred. The Jackery Explorer Pro Portable Power Station is perfect. I've already needed it several times. My entire home office (laptop, two external monitors, two printers, plus additional accessories) is connected to a surge suppressor, which I'm able to easily switch from the wall connection to my Jackery Explorer Pro Portable Power Station." &#; TMann Stuff.
The Jackery Explorer Plus Portable Power Station has a large LiFePO4 battery capacity of .8Wh. You can expand the battery all the way to 24kWh with the help of additional Jackery Battery Pack Plus. The high power output makes the power station ideal for charging refrigerators, heaters, and even medical equipment like CPAP machines. It operates at a high 44.8V DC voltage and an amp rating of 45.6 Ah.
Customer Review
"I'm so grateful for the handles and the wheels to cart my generator. It's currently charging my trailer batteries, which will be finished in about 2 hours and have plenty of power to use elsewhere. It's quiet - I can't even hear it. If you want reliability, eco-friendly, and the highest quality for your money, get a Jackery!" &#; Gregory Arnold.
The Jackery Explorer Plus Portable Power Station is like having more power in a smaller size. It has a LiFePO4 battery of Wh and a massive output of W to charge 99% of essential home or outdoor appliances. You can connect three Jackery Battery Pack Plus to expand the capacity from 1.25kWh to 5kWh, delivering 1-3 days of home backup power. It works well at 41.6V DC and 30.4Ah to charge low to high-power-consuming appliances.
Customer Review
"If you enjoy the outdoors but can't live without your gadgets, then you need something like this. Took this unit out for the weekend, and it performed as expected. Charged my Segway scooter, MacBook, and a couple of small gadgets. The Jackery app enables you to control several functions of this power station. The ability to add up to 3 extra battery packs is a plus, totaling just over 5 kWh!" &#; Chris.
Capacity
Recharging Methods
Output Ports
Working Hours
Explorer Pro
Wh
Solar Recharging: 3.5 H (6*Jackery SolarSaga 200W Solar Panels)
Wall Recharging: 2.4 H
Car Recharging: 35 H
AC Output (x1): 120V~ 60Hz 25A Max
AC Output (x3): 120V~ 60Hz 20A Maximum
USB-C Output (x2): 100W Maximum, 5V&#;3A, 9V&#;3A, 12V&#;3A, 15V&#;3A, 20V&#;5A
Space Heater (350W): 7.3H
Microwave (700W): 3.6H
Kettle (850W): 3H
Coffee Maker (W): 2.2H
Portable Air Conditioner (W): 2.2H
Electric Pressure Cooker (W): 2.3H
Explorer Plus
2-24 kWh
Solar Recharging: 2 H (6*Jackery SolarSaga 200W Solar Panels)
Wall Recharging: 2 H
Car Recharging: 25 H
AC Output (×4) 120V~ 60Hz, 20A Maximum
AC Output (×1) 120V~ 60Hz, 25A Maximum
USB-A Output (x2): Quick Charge 3.0, 18W Maximum
USB-C Output (x2): 100W Maximum, (5V, 9V, 12V, 15V, 20V up to 5A)
Space Heater (350W): 4.9H
Microwave (700W): 2.4H
Kettle (850W): 2H
Coffee Maker (W): 1.5H
Portable Air Conditioner (W): 1.5H
Electric Pressure Cooker (W): 1.6H
Explorer Plus
1.25 - 5 kWh
Solar Recharging: 2 H (4*Jackery SolarSaga 200W Solar Panels)
Wall Recharging: 1.7 H
Car Recharging: 7 H
AC Output (x3): 120V~60Hz, W (W Peak)
USB-A Output (x2): 18W Max, 5-5V&#;3A
USB-C Output (x2): 100W Maximum, (5V, 9V, 12V, 15V, 20V up to 5A)
Space Heater (350W): 3H
Microwave (700W): 1.5H
Kettle (850W): 1.2H
Coffee Maker (W): 57 min
Portable Air Conditioner (W): 56 min
Electric Pressure Cooker (W): 1H
Just like other batteries, lithium-ion batteries start deteriorating after a few years. Some signs that your lithium battery might be falling include:
Shorter battery life
Longer charging times
Overheating during charging
Discoloration or corrosion
Any form of leak or smell from the battery
Unexpected power offs
Sluggish device response
Inability to charge
If the battery has &#;Li&#; or &#;Lithium&#; printed on it and is rechargeable by nature, you can safely assume it is a lithium battery. Similarly, if the battery has the first letters (CR), this again indicates a lithium battery.
Like other types of batteries, lithium-ion batteries generally deliver a slightly higher voltage at full charging and a lower voltage when the battery is empty. A fully-charged lithium-ion battery provides nearly 13.6V but offers 13.13V at 50% voltage.
Capacity (%)
Lead Battery
Lithium Battery
Lithium AV-Battery
100%
12.70V
13.60V
12.60V
90%
12.50V
13.32
12.10V
80%
12.42V
13.28V
11.60V
70%
12.32V
13.20V
11.35V
60%
12.20V
13.16V
11.10V
50%
12.06V
13.13V
10.80V
40%
11.90V
13.10V
10.70V
30%
11.75V
13.00V
10.60V
20%
11.58V
12.90V
10.45V
10%
11.31V
12.00V
10.25V
0%
10.50V
10.00V
9.00V
The nominal voltage of lithium-ion is around 3.60V/cell. A few cell manufacturers mark their lithium battery as 3.70V/cell or higher. Some lithium-ion batteries with LCO architecture have an increased nominal cell voltage and even permit higher charge voltages. The following table reveals the nominal cell voltage, typical end of discharge, maximum charge voltage, etc., of lithium-ion batteries.
Nominal cell voltage
Typical end-of-discharge
Max charge voltage
Notes
3.6V
2.8&#;3.0V
4.2V
Classic nominal voltage of cobalt-based lithium-ion battery.
3.7V
2.8&#;3.0V
4.2V
Marketing advantage. Achieved by low internal resistance.
3.8V
2.8&#;3.0V
4.35V
Surface coating and electrolyte additives. The charger should have the correct full-charge voltage for additional capacity.
3.85V
2.8&#;3.0V
4.4V
Surface coating and electrolyte additives. The charger should have the correct full-charge voltage for additional capacity.
A lithium-ion battery's nominal or standard voltage is nearly 3.60V per cell. Some battery manufacturers mark lithium-ion batteries as 3.70V per cell or higher.
Overcharging means charging the lithium-ion battery beyond its fully charged voltage. When the charge exceeds 3.65V, it is known to be overcharged.
Voltage is one of the most important considerations one must keep in mind when buying a lithium-ion battery. It is also recommended that you check out the lithium-ion battery voltage chart to understand the voltage and charge of these batteries. The recommended voltage range for short-term storage of lithium-ion batteries is 3.0 to 4.2 volts per cell in series.
For long-term storage, lithium-ion batteries should be stored at around 75% capacity (3.85 to 4.0 volts) and at a low temperature to reduce permanent capacity loss. If you're looking for reliable and innovative power solutions for household or outdoor appliances, you can consider choosing the Jackery Portable Power Stations. They feature stable NMC or LiFePO4 batteries, making them ideal for off-grid living, emergency home backup, and outdoor adventures.
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