An oscilloscope , formerly known as an oscillograph (informally scope, oscope, or o-scope), is a benchtop instrument that graphically displays electrical signals and shows how those signals change over time. They are used by engineers to troubleshoot circuits and check signal quality. Most engineers use a digital oscilloscope , which is what we’re going to focus on here. Digital oscilloscopes acquire and store waveforms , which show a signal’s voltage, frequency, the portion of the signal that is noise, whether the signal is distorted, the timing between signals and more.
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Looking for the right oscilloscope for your electronics projects or professional endeavors? This guide provides a clear framework to identify the oscilloscope that best aligns with your requirements, whether you're a seasoned engineer, a student, or an electronics hobbyist. We'll explore key parameters such as bandwidth, sample rate, and rise time, ensuring you make an informed choice that enhances the precision and efficiency of your measurements.
For a signal with a 20 MHz maximum frequency, aim for an oscilloscope with a sample rate of at least 200 MS/s. This ensures a detailed capture of the waveform, facilitating accurate analysis.
To choose an adequate sample rate, use the following guideline:
The sample rate indicates how frequently the oscilloscope samples the signal, impacting the detail of the waveform captured.
For a signal with a 4 ns rise time, the oscilloscope's rise time should be less than 1.33 ns.
The rise time of the oscilloscope should be significantly shorter than the fastest rise time in your signal. Use this formula to find a suitable oscilloscope:
Rise time is crucial for digital applications, indicating the scope's ability to track rapid changes in a signal.
For example, if your highest signal frequency is 20 MHz, you should consider an oscilloscope with a bandwidth of at least 60 MHz.
When selecting an oscilloscope, a good practice is to use the following formula to ensure you cover the highest frequency component of your signal:
The higher the bandwidth, the more accurate the reproduction of your signal, as illustrated with a signal captured at 250 MHz, 1 GHz and 4 GHz bandwidth levels.
Bandwidth is a key spec that determines the highest frequency your oscilloscope can measure accurately. It's a vital consideration affecting both the functionality and cost of the oscilloscope.
Digital oscilloscopes sample analog channels to store and display them. In general, the more channels the better, although adding channels adds to the oscilloscope price.
Your application will determine whether you need to choose an oscilloscope with two, four, six, or even eight analog channels. Two channels let you compare a component’s input to its output, for example. Four analog channels let you compare more signals and provides more flexibility to combine channels mathematically (multiplying to get power, or subtracting for differential signals, for example). Oscilloscopes with six or eight channels allows for multiple bus analysis while simultaneously viewing voltage or current type signals in a power related environment.
A Mixed Signal Oscilloscope adds digital timing channels, which indicate high or low states and can be displayed together as a bus waveform. Whatever you choose, all channels should have good range, linearity, gain accuracy, flatness, and resistance to static discharge.
Some instruments share the sampling system between channels to save money. But beware: the number of channels you turn on can reduce the sample rate.
Good measurements begin at the probe tip. The scope and probe work together as a system, so be sure to consider probes when selecting an oscilloscope.
When taking measurements, probes actually become a part of the circuit, introducing resistive, capacitive, and inductive loading that alters the measurement. To minimize the effect, it’s best to use probes that are designed for use with your scope.
Select passive probes that have sufficient bandwidth. The probe’s bandwidth should match that of the oscilloscope.
A broad range of compatible probes will allow you to use your scope in more applications. Check to see what’s available for the scope before you buy.
Passive probes: Probes with 10X attenuation present a controlled impedance and capacitance to your circuit, and are suitable for most ground-referenced measurements. They are included with most oscilloscopes – you’ll need one for each input channel.
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High-voltage differential probes: Differential probes allow a ground-referenced oscilloscope to take safe, accurate floating and differential measurements. Every lab should have at least one.
Logic probes: Logic probes deliver digital signals to the front end of a Mixed Signal Oscilloscope. They include “flying leads” with accessories designed to connect to small test points on a circuit board.
Current Probes: Adding a current probe enables the scope to measure current, of course, but it also enables it to calculate and display instantaneous power.
Need help choosing the right probe? See our Probe Selector Guide
All oscilloscopes provide edge triggering, and most offer pulse width triggering. To acquire anomalies and make best use of the scope’s record length, look for a scope that offers advanced triggering on more challenging signals.
The wider the range of trigger options available the more versatile the scope (and the faster you get to the root cause of a problem):
Record length is the number of points in a complete waveform record. A scope can store only a limited number of samples so, in general, the greater the record length, the better.
Time captured = record length/sample rate. So, with a record length of 1 Mpoints and a sample rate of 250 MS/sec, the oscilloscope will capture 4 ms. Today’s scopes allow you to select the record length to optimize the level of detail needed for your application.
A good basic scope for example will store over 2,000 points, which is more than enough for a stable sine-wave signal (needing perhaps 500 points), whilst more advanced high-end scopes would have up to 1Gpoints, which is essential for working with high-speed serial data type applications.
Waveform capture rate, expressed as waveforms per second (wfms/s), refers to how quickly an oscilloscope acquires waveforms. The waveform capture rates of oscilloscopes vary greatly, so it’s important to find the right one for your application.
Oscilloscopes with high waveform capture rates provide significantly more visual insight into signal behavior, and dramatically increase the probability that the oscilloscope will quickly capture transient anomalies such as jitter, runt pulses, glitches and transition errors.
Digital storage oscilloscopes (DSO) employ a serial processing architecture to capture from 10 to 5,000 wfms/s. Some DSOs provide a special mode that bursts multiple captures into long memory, temporarily delivering higher waveform capture rates followed by long processing dead times that reduce the probability of capturing rare, intermittent events.
Most digital phosphor oscilloscopes (DPO) employ a parallel processing architecture to deliver vastly greater waveform capture rates. Some DPOs can acquire millions of waveforms in just seconds, significantly increasing the probability of capturing intermittent and elusive events and allowing you to see the problems in your signal more quickly.
As your needs change, you want an oscilloscope that can accommodate your needs with application modules and software updates.
If you want to expand the capabilities of your oscilloscope over time, make sure your instrument has everything you need. For instance, some oscilloscopes allow you to:
After you’ve analyzed your oscilloscope measurements, you’ll need to document and share your findings. The connectivity of an oscilloscope delivers advanced analysis capabilities and simplifies the documentation and sharing of results.
Depending on the oscilloscope, you may have access to standard interfaces (GPIB, RS-232, USB, and Ethernet), network communication modules, or advanced features that allow you to:
Need help choosing an oscilloscope? Download our oscilloscope selector guide or contact the experts at Tektronix to request a demo. If you already have a sense of which oscilloscope to buy, shop Tektronix oscilloscopes today.
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