Across today&#;s highly connected and data-driven business landscape, the need for continuous, clean power cannot be overstated. Even the briefest downtime can be devastating to an organization, regardless of its size or vertical. The price tag for downtime is estimated at $5,600 per minute, and unplanned incidents can result in equipment damage, data loss, missed opportunities and tarnished reputation.
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Thankfully, an uninterruptible power system (UPS) is one of the simplest, most cost-effective solutions to help companies avoid the unwelcome consequences of downtime. But with several types of systems available, the challenge is selecting one that best matches your needs and budget.
A UPS system is a backup solution that supplies power in the event of a utility failure. By supplying an adequate window to safely shut down sensitive equipment, a UPS helps prevent data loss and minimizes the stress of a hard shutdown on electronics.
Protecting equipment against a complete power loss isn&#;t the only reason you need a UPS. Depending on the UPS model, these systems also shield connected devices from common power problems and unsafe output voltage fluctuations that can damage electronics, reduce life span and affect performance.
How Does a UPS Work?
A UPS works by converting AC power to DC power and storing it in a battery. Then, it converts the DC power back to AC power, running it to your building&#;s AC outlets. Your connected devices will continue to operate on the stored battery power, giving you time to save your work and shut down the computer.
Essentially a battery in a box, a UPS powers the devices plugged into its AC outlets when electricity flow drops to an inadequate voltage or a complete outage occurs. In a power emergency, the UPS electrical system instantly switches to the battery to provide a continuous power source for the length of the battery, which varies by system for periods ranging from minutes to hours. Additionally, the conversion process removes most of the line noise from the AC outlet.
Depending on the size and technology of the unit, a UPS can protect a single computer up to an entire data center. Essential for mission-critical environments, a UPS keeps computer systems and IT equipment safe and operational during a power loss until generators can be activated or protected devices, such as servers and network components, can be properly shut down. This helps prevent lost data while saving work-in-progress.
In addition to delivering backup power during a utility failure, UPSs also afford varying degrees of protection against other damaging power problems, including:
UPS systems are not created equal. Rather, there are three primary topologies &#; standby, line-interactive and online. Each UPS topology delivers varying levels of protection against power problems, achieving the result in a unique manner while placing differing frequency demands on the battery.
Also called an &#;offline&#; or &#;passive&#; UPS, standby technology offers the most basic type of protection, allowing equipment to run on incoming utility power until it detects a problem. In a standby UPS model, connected devices receive utility power through a direct AC connection. The unit essentially remains on hold until backup power is needed.
A standby UPS will switch to the battery to safeguard connected equipment when power fails, as well as adjust for routine sags and surges. The transfer time generally occurs in milliseconds after a power loss, and although the switch is not instantaneous, it usually won&#;t interrupt the flow of power to equipment. If a lengthy outage is expected, the UPS&#;s battery backup power will allow for safe shutdowns so equipment and data remain protected.
Because standby topology does not buffer equipment against other common power anomalies, it is best suited for non-critical and less demanding home network and office environments that are not subjected to frequent disruptions. While standby UPSs are the least expensive type, the downside to this topology is that it frequently resorts to the battery, which can reduce runtime and service life.
A UPS with line-interactive topology is designed to shield connected devices from power failures, sags and surges like a standby model, while also protecting against voltage spikes and drops.
Typically used to safeguard enterprise network and IT applications, the line-interactive UPS is controlled by a microprocessor that monitors the quality of incoming power and reacts to fluctuations. In addition to providing more protection than standby UPSs, line-interactive units offer better power conditioning and regulation, helping prolong battery life.
One of the biggest advantages of line-interactive topology is that it compensates for undervoltage and overvoltage circumstances without using the batteries. Under normal power conditions, line-interactive UPSs pass input power to connected equipment through a surge/noise filter and voltage regulator, while an inverter charges the battery for emergency use during an outage.
However, if the voltage fluctuates outside of a safe window, the UPS relies on built-in automatic voltage regulation (AVR) to increase or decrease the output voltage to an acceptable level. As long as the input voltage remains within a safe range, line-interactive UPSs regulate the output voltage without using battery power.
This advantage prevents frequent switching to the battery, which can drain reserve power intended for an outage and reduce battery lifespan. During an outage, the line-interactive UPS converts the stored battery power into regulated AC output power to support the connected equipment load.
While standby and line-interactive UPS models provide varying degrees of power conditioning, an online or double-conversion UPS is designed to deliver continuous protection against all nine of the most common power problems, supplying consistent, clean power regardless of any incoming instabilities. To create a power supply without any electrical interference, the output voltage of an online UPS is entirely regenerated by a sequence of AC to DC conversion, followed by DC to AC conversion.
During erratic power or fleeting disturbances when AC input power falls outside of preset tolerances for line-interactive mode, the online UPS switches to online double-conversion mode, completely isolating equipment from incoming power. If power fails altogether, or the input power exceeds the tolerances of the rectifier, the UPS will rely on the battery to keep loads operating, then convert back to high-efficiency mode when it is safe.
Online UPSs are the optimal choice for mission-critical applications or those involving highly sensitive equipment, such as data centers, communications hubs and other installations where continuous, clean power is a business-critical requirement. They are also beneficial in environments that are particularly prone to dirty power.
There are numerous benefits to deploying a UPS, including:
UPSs protect against utility power failures, which occur on a dramatically increasing basis. While outages can result from a wide variety of issues &#; including automobile accidents, animal interference and overtaxed power grids &#; severe weather ranks as the top cause of power failures in the United States. From hurricanes to heat waves and flooding to freezing rain, weather is leaving organizations in the dark for longer than it has in the past, largely due to climate change fueling more violent storms.
In addition to keeping equipment operational during a power loss, a UPS also acts as a filter to shield devices against variances in the power supply, which can damage sensitive equipment like computers and network gear.
Depending on the topology, a UPS allows only a steady stream of clean power to reach attached devices, helping safeguard against common power anomalies that can damage equipment. Additionally, battery backup prevents data loss and provides time to save work in progress during outages, surges or other power variances.
Finally, a UPS provides confidence that your organization can avoid the financial cost, customer frustration and business disruption caused by network downtime &#; and you can&#;t put a price tag on peace of mind. Whether protecting a network closet, a few server racks or an entire data center, it is imperative to safeguard against equipment damage, downtime and data loss.
It&#;s more critical than ever for organizations of every size to protect their operations against the impacts of downtime. While all three UPS topologies outlined above meet the input voltage requirements for IT equipment, there are significant differences in both performance and demands on the battery.
The best topology for your organization depends on numerous factors, including the level of reliability and availability required, the type of equipment being protected and the overall application/environment. If you need assistance determining the optimal topology and UPS model for your environment, Unified Power can help you compare and identify systems. Contact us today and let us know how we can help!
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) systems play a crucial role in maintaining power continuity, safeguarding sensitive equipment, and ensuring seamless operations in businesses, data centers, hospitals, and other critical facilities. In today&#;s digital age, even brief power interruptions can lead to significant data loss, operational disruptions, or equipment damage. Understanding how UPS systems work involves exploring their key components, functionality, and various types.
Three Phase Industrial UPS Systems Provide Power Protection for Industrial ApplicationsA UPS system is an electrical apparatus designed to supply emergency power to a load when the input power source, typically the utility grid, fails. It bridges the gap between the main power outage and the activation of a standby power source or provides enough time for an orderly shutdown of protected equipment.
Rectifier
Converts incoming AC power to DC power to charge the battery.
Battery
The battery is the heart of any UPS system. It stores DC power that is used to power the inverter and connected loads during a power outage. The type of battery used depends on the UPS system&#;s rating and intended application. Common battery types include lead-acid, lithium-ion, and nickel-cadmium.
Inverter
The inverter is a crucial component of a UPS system. It converts the DC power from the battery to AC power, which is then supplied to the connected loads. In online UPS systems, the inverter continuously operates to provide clean, filtered power to the loads. The inverter uses advanced power electronics and control algorithms to ensure efficient and reliable power conversion.
Static Bypass Switch
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Provides a direct connection from the input to the output, bypassing the UPS system if necessary.
Control Unit
Manages the UPS operations, including monitoring power quality and battery status.
A UPS system operates by constantly monitoring the incoming power supply. Here&#;s a step-by-step overview of its functionality:
Normal Operation
When the main power supply is stable, the rectifier converts AC power to DC power, which charges the battery and powers the inverter. The inverter then converts DC power back to AC power, providing clean and stable power to the connected devices.
Power Outage
During a power failure, the UPS immediately switches to battery power. The inverter draws DC power from the battery and converts it to AC power, ensuring an uninterrupted power supply to the devices.
Power Restoration
When the main power is restored, the rectifier takes over again, converting AC power to DC to recharge the battery and continue supplying power through the inverter.
Overload or Fault
If the connected load exceeds the UPS capacity or if there&#;s an internal fault, the static bypass switch activates, allowing the power to bypass the UPS and go directly to the devices. This protects the UPS from damage and ensures continuous power supply.
Standby (Offline) UPS
This type provides basic protection and is suitable for less critical applications. It switches to battery power only during an outage, with a slight delay.
Line-Interactive UPS
This type offers better protection by regulating voltage fluctuations through an autotransformer. It provides a faster switch to battery power during an outage.
Online (Double Conversion) UPS
This type offers the highest level of protection by continuously converting incoming AC power to DC and then back to AC, ensuring a constant and clean power supply. It has zero transfer time to battery power, making it ideal for critical applications.
1. Power Supply from the Grid
2. Rectification and Conversion
3. Inverter Operation
4. Battery Backup Activation
5. Battery Management
UPS systems are widely used across various sectors to protect sensitive electronic equipment from power disturbances. Some common applications include:
UPS systems are vital for maintaining the continuity and protection of electronic devices during power disruptions. By understanding their components, functionality, and types, businesses and individuals can choose the appropriate UPS system to meet their specific needs, ensuring uninterrupted operations and safeguarding valuable equipment.
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