How to distinguish the quality of optical fiber and cable
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1. Look at the paste, the paste is mainly fiber paste and cable paste, wire disc under normal conditions, fiber paste should be filled with all loose sleeve, cable paste should be filled under pressure cable core of every gap. Nowadays, the fiber paste is filled half full or less. Some cable paste is only applied with a layer outside the cable core, and some are filled at both ends of the cable without filling. This will make the fiber not good maintenance, affect the fiber attenuation and other transmission performance, waterproof function is not up to the national standards, once the cable accidentally seepage will cause the whole link seepage invalid. And under normal conditions, even if the accidental seepage also only need to repair the seepage of a section can be done, do not need to start over. If the same poor paste will appear above questions, and may be because of the poor thixotropy of the paste, will make the fiber into a micro bending loss, all link transmission characteristics are unqualified; If the acid of the paste belt will also react with the metal data in the cable to precipitate hydrogen molecules, and the optical fiber will rapidly increase in H attenuation, resulting in the suspension of transmission of all links.
2. Jacket, cable jacket not only to get used to a lot of different messy climate environment, but also to ensure long-term (at least 25 years) stability. Cable sheath should not only have a certain strength, low thermal deformation, wear, permeability, thermal retraction and friction coefficient, but also strong environmental stress resistance, good data processing function and other characteristics. Less use or use bad sheath material although can pass the factory inspection, but because of the quality of shortcomings after a period of time will appear cracking, seepage, if the replacement of high quality polyethylene sheath material with recycled plastic is more serious. High quality sheath material made of optical cable, cable after the skin is flat, light, uniform thickness, no bubbles, otherwise it will show the appearance of cable skin rough, and because the material has a lot of impurities, a closer look can be found that there are many very fine pit optical cable, and because the thickness is thin, all the outer diameter of the optical cable will be much smaller than the high quality optical cable. Indoor optical cable, usually choose high quality flame retardant PVC, the appearance should be lubricated, bright, good flexibility, easy to peel; Otherwise it will show poor skin finish, simple and tight sleeve fiber, aramid adhesion appearance.
3. Steel belt, aluminum belt, optical cable steel belt, aluminum belt is mainly used to maintain the optical fiber from mechanical side pressure, moisture-proof effect, etc., the best optical cable usually use chrome-plated steel belt. The residual optical cable to as long as one side of the rust disposal usually iron sheet or black (no coating steel belt), instead of chrome-plated steel belt, for a long time, the cable will appear rust, fiber hydrogen loss will also increase, and because it is easy to separate from the sheath structure does not induce bonding protective layer, damp function is also very poor; Some with tinned steel strip instead of chromium-plated steel strip, tinned steel strip appearance, bubbles, etc., is inevitable wire, so in moist atmosphere and appearance of condensation or immersion conditions, simple corrosion, especially under acidic conditions corrosion faster. Tin coating heat resistance is poor, melting point is only 232 degrees Celsius, in use because of the high temperature when the sheath is squeezed, the peeling strength is uncertain, affecting the anti-moisture function of the cable. The melting point of chromium is 1900 degrees Celsius, the chemical properties are very stable, at room temperature under the air or immersed in water will not rust, corrosion resistance function is very good, because the appearance is easy to oxidize the passivation layer so the environmental resistance function is excellent. Aluminum strip will usually appear to be unqualified hot coated aluminum strip instead of the ductile qualified coated aluminum strip, which will also affect the optical cable performance.
4. Steel wire, the steel wire in the optical cable is mainly used to maintain the optical fiber from mechanical tension. Good cables will usually use high modulus phosphating wire, short-term tension 1500N or 3000N. Defective cables are replaced with iron wire or steel wire of small diameter, which is easy to rust on the one hand; On the other hand, because the tensile strength is far less than 1500N, the fiber may be pulled during construction. High modulus phosphating wire is usually green gray, good endurance, not easy to zigzag; And the replacement of the wire is usually pinched in the hand can be arbitrary twists and turns for a long time, the two ends of the hanging fiber box will rust and crack.
5. The loose sleeve, the loose sleeve of the optical fiber in the optical cable usually uses polymer PBT data, the loose sleeve of the coil has high strength, no deformation, and anti-aging. The loose sleeve of the broken optical cable is sometimes replaced by other data. The outer diameter is very thin, and it is flat with a pinch of the hand. It is the same as a drink straw, which cannot bear the maintenance role of the optical fiber.
6. Waterproof belt, cable waterproof belt or waterproof yarn through the product is evenly distributed inside the high water absorption resin has a strong water absorption function, under the joint action of osmotic pressure, affinity, rubber elastic, high water absorption resin can quickly inhale several times its weight of water. Moreover, as soon as the powder meets water, it will immediately swell the gel, and no matter how much pressure is applied to it, the water will not be squeezed out. Therefore, the waterproof belt containing water absorbing resin is used to cover the cable core, and the outer wall of the cable is damaged. Some of the hyperabsorbent resin in the wound is swollen and sealed, which can prevent the entry of water to a minimum. Broken optical cable usually uses non-woven fabric or paper tape, once the cable skin is damaged, the results will be very serious.
7. Aramid, also known as Kevlar, is a high-strength chemical fiber that is most commonly used in the military industry. Bulletproof vests are produced from this material. Patented by DuPont, it is the primary capital component of indoor optical cables and is primarily used to maintain tight sleeve fibers in indoor optical cables from mechanical tension. But because of the high cost of arylon, the coil residual indoor cable usually makes the outer diameter very thin, which can be reduced by cutting a few strands of arylon section cost, or the use of a similar appearance of polyester yarn to replace arylon, and polyester yarn simply cannot accept what tension. In this way, the optical fiber is easily pulled or broken when laying.
8 optical fiber, optical fiber is the most central material in the optical cable, good optical fiber usually choose Dachang high quality fiber core. The incomplete optical cable is usually used in primary optical fiber and unknown private fiber, these optical fibers because of the origin of chaos, quality is difficult to ensure, sometimes multi-mode optical fiber is often mixed with single-mode optical fiber, and usually small factory lack of necessary inspection equipment, can not make discrimination on the quality of optical fiber, more make the quality is difficult to ensure. Others are being bought cheaply and spliced together to make cables later. Because the naked eye can not distinguish such fiber, the construction of the problem is often encountered: low transmission rate, short interval, fiber attenuation, can not dock with tail, lack of flexibility, disk fiber is easy to break, and even a fiber one end is multi-mode, the other end is single mode.
9. Coloring ink, in order to facilitate the construction of the optical fiber, the national requirements of the optical fiber and loose sleeve should be on the obvious color. High quality fiber optic cable according to the standard with high quality ink color, color is very obvious and not easy to drop. And the residual optical cable will use residual ink color or refreshing color. Incomplete ink color is not obvious and sometimes easy to dissolve in the fiber paste color can not be distinguished, color is not to bring great inconvenience to the construction.
10. Commodity packaging, optical cable is usually selected wood plate or iron wood plate shaft packaging, the outside of the plate will be sealed with wood plate, to ensure that the thick optical cable in all the transport force, tortuous radius and other conditions in the specification of demand scale. And the broken optical cable in order to save money, usually use very poor packaging plate, shipped to the destination is almost disassembled, wire some refreshing do not have to disk, the cable around the shipped, perhaps do not have to use the plate wooden seal.
By building networks, It is essential to have a thorough understanding of the structure, materials and processes involved in the production of fiber optic cable, in order to buy adequate and excellent quality fiber optic cable.
Fiber Optic CableThe fiber optic cable has advantages such as its reduced volume, lightness, long transmission distance, great capacity, low signal attenuation, and resistance to electromagnetic interference. It has become the main component of specialized communications networks., online data transmission, and cable tv.
The structure of the fiber optic cable is divided into several types, like the central tube, the one with skeleton, the tape and the central beam. for different purposes, different types of fiber optic cable structures are needed.
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Fiber Optic TypesUsually, the fiber optic cable 12 cores or less uses the center beam structure. This structure is simple and low cost.. It is competitive in support and branch networks that are installed outdoors or have good conduit protection..
Skeleton structure fiber optic cable uses a steel wire or a single strand of steel wire as the core reinforcement.. can hold up to 144 cores. Its biggest advantage is its impermeability and resistance to strong pressure.. This type of cable can be buried directly in the ground. Besides, it is easy to branch, namely, when you need to use only a few optical fibers, you can cut the necessary part separately. This is beneficial for adding fiber optic nodes along the way..
The ribbon structure fiber optic cable can have more than thousand cores. The optical fibers of 4 a 12 cores are placed in a row to form a fiber optic tape drive. Then, several tape drives are arranged on the fiber optic cable according to a certain pattern. For network level cables, two types are generally used: the one with central tube and the one with skeleton.
Fiber optic cables can be classified into several types according to their use.: aerial, underground, buried, submarines and metal free.
Overhead cables must have high resistance and low temperature coefficient. underground fiber optics and submarine fibers must be resistant to water pressure and traction, and have a good waterproof property. Buried cables must be able to withstand pressure, moisture and chemical corrosion. Metal-free cables can be installed next to high-voltage electrical cables and their insulation must be excellent.. Although cables ADSS do not have metal reinforcing core, they must also have some traction capacity.
When buying a fiber optic cable, users should consider its use and demand from the manufacturer to ensure its stability and reliability.
The choice of materials is important when buying fiber optic cable, as this affects the life of the cable. The manufacturing process is also a key factor affecting cable quality.. Fiber optic cable products that have a stable manufacturing process and excellent quality have minimal additional loss during production.. 0,01dB/km is a basic data to measure the quality level of the fiber optic cable manufacturing process.
Fiber optic cable productionThe main materials used in the fiber optic cable are the fiber core, fiber optic fat, the coating material and the PBT. Each of these materials has different performance requirements..
Fiber optic core requires significant power capacity, a signal to noise ratio alta, a low bit error rate, a long distance between amplifiers and a high information carrying capacity.
Fiber optic grease refers to the grease used to fill the fiber optic bundle tube. Its function is to dampen the vibration or impact on the optical fiber and prevent the corrosion of air humidity on the optical fiber.. Grease must meet strict quality requirements, as a very low amount of hydrogen to prevent “hydrogen loss” which can severely damage the fiber optic cable.
The lining material determines the tensile properties, flexion, temperature and natural aging resistance of fiber optic cable. A high density polyethylene material can be used (PE) for greater hardness, good tensile and compressive strength and less susceptibility to damage.
PBT is the plastic used to make the fiber optic cable bundle tube.. Must have a high Young's modulus (1600/mm2), a low coefficient of extension (1,5×10^-4), good resistance to chemical corrosion, low coefficient of friction and good processing characteristics. Using PBT to make the fiber optic sheath can make the fiber optic bundle tube with good pressure resistance and temperature resistance characteristics.. In places where high water resistance is required, a hydrolysis resistant PBT material should be used.
For fiber optic cables used in buildings, it is important to consider its fire resistance characteristics, toxicity and smoke emission. Usually, cables with a fire-resistant but smoke-emitting sheath can be used in ducts or in areas with forced ventilation. Fire resistant sheathed cables must be used., non-toxic and smoke-free in exposed environments.
underground fiber opticFor vertical installation inside a building, layered twist fiber optic cables can be opted for. For horizontal installation, branchable fiber optic cables can be used.
And for the direct buried installation of fiber optic cables outdoors, it is recommended to use armed optical fibers. For aerial installation, ADSS or OPGW can be used.
For transmission distances less than 2 km, multimode fiber optic cables can be used. While, for distances greater than 2 km, single mode fiber optic cables or repeaters can be used.
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