Recovering low voltage cells

OffGridInTheCity said:

Goto Sunplus to know more.

A while back, I processed several hundred[...] medical packs. Many were

0v/lowv

- and [...] I was able to recover a majority of them to be able tocharge up in my OPUSs- however - many of them got HOT (e.g. too hot to touch) and had to toss them.

Click to expand...

Safety warning: generally manufacturers warn to not charge

extremely overdischarged

Li-ion cells, i.e. cells

<1.5V

, eg.

0V

, (though some use a lower 1.0V threshold). Charging can lead to serious safety problems (briefly: copper can dissolve at low voltages and then during charge replate into dendrites, possibly leading to dangerous internal shorts at some future time - often without any warning). For some very old cells (lacking modern safety improvements) it may not even be safe to charge them if below 2.0V.

While there have been safety improvements over the years to reduce such risks (e.g. browsing patents reveals chemistry improvements to suppress copper dissolution, and ceramic separators to suppress or localize internal shorts) there is generally no way for consumers to know which improvements apply to particular cell models, since such information is not typically provided to the general public.

Further info can be found by searching on "near

zero volt

storage". Due to recent Li-ion transportation restrictions there has been a flurry of research on possible ways to improve Li-ion cells so that they can be safely stored at near zero voltage (near

0V

) because this greatly increases safety, e.g. it increases thermal runaway threshold temperature, and greatly decreases amount of gas production, and eliminates all toxic gases, etc. Many of these recent papers link to the (scarce) earlier literature on overdischarge topics, and give brief overviews.

For example, see Kyle R. Crompton's RIT Thesis

KyleR.Crompton said:

It is important to note here that determined values of the onset potential for copper dissolution can vary since the choice of an oxidative current density threshold is arbitrary and non-faradaic process can contribute to the oxidative current. Additionally, the exact value of the onset of copper dissolution can be affected by factors such as ambient conditions and electrolyte composition. In the present work, 3.1 V vs. Li/Li+ will be assigned for interpretation purposes as below this value, no oxidative current was observed in the linear sweep voltammogram in Figure 9d, and therefore, no copper dissolution is expected to be occurring.

The adverse effects from copper ions being present in the electrolyte will lead to side reactions with the electrolyte, competitive reduction processes with lithium ions, and copper dendrite formation which can lead to internal shorting. Each of these effects can cause significant damage to the cell and reduce its recharge capacity and performance.[]. Thus, for cells to be tolerant to near zero volt storage, cell design must be modified or different materials used to avoid the copper dissolution degradation mechanism.(emphasis in original)

Click to expand...

Below are excerpts of Samsung datasheets showing the

1.0V lower prechargelimit

, from

generally manufacturers warn to(though some use a lower 1.0V threshold). Charging can lead to serious safety problems (briefly: copper can dissolve at low voltages and then during charge replate into dendrites, possibly leading to dangerous internal shorts at some future time - often without any warning). For some very old cells (lacking modern safety improvements) it may not even be safe to charge them if below 2.0V.While there have been safety improvements over the years to reduce such risks (e.g. browsing patents reveals chemistry improvements to suppress copper dissolution, and ceramic separators to suppress or localize internal shorts) there is generally no way for consumers to know which improvements apply to particular cell models, since such information is not typically provided to the general public.Further info can be found by searching on "e". Due to recent Li-ion transportation restrictions there has been a flurry of research on possible ways to improve Li-ion cells so that they can be safely stored at near zero voltage (near) because this greatly increases safety, e.g. it increases thermal runaway threshold temperature, and greatly decreases amount of gas production, and eliminates all toxic gases, etc. Many of these recent papers link to the (scarce) earlier literature on overdischarge topics, and give brief overviews.For example, see Kyle R. Crompton's RIT Thesis Enhancing Near Zero Volt Storage Tolerance of Lithium-ion Batteries . Below is an excerpt from pp. 19-20.In the following section he mentions some prior research on related matters, which might be a good place to begin any further investigation on this topic.Below are excerpts of Samsung datasheets showing the, from Dec. and July

There are instances when batteries become unresponsive or fail to charge, leaving us in a bind. In this comprehensive guide, we&#;ll explore the causes behind dead batteries, learn how to revive them effectively, and specifically address the common issue of lithium-ion batteries that refuse to charge. We&#;ll also highlight how long a lithium-ion battery can last without charging and emphasize the importance of regular battery maintenance.

Part 1. Causes of dead batteries

• Overcharging: Leaving devices plugged in for extended periods, especially overnight, can lead to overcharging, damaging the battery&#;s capacity and overall health.
• High Temperatures: Exposing batteries to high temperatures, such as leaving them in a hot car or near a heat source, accelerates chemical reactions within the battery, causing it to degrade faster.
• Deep Discharge: Allowing a battery to discharge before recharging can lead to irreversible damage, particularly in lithium-ion batteries, resulting in decreased capacity and lifespan.
• Physical Damage: Dropping or mishandling devices can cause physical damage to the battery, leading to internal short circuits or ruptures that render the battery unusable.
• Age and Wear: Like all components, batteries degrade over time with repeated charging cycles. As batteries age, their capacity diminishes, leading to shorter usage and eventual failure.
• Manufacturing Defects: Occasionally, batteries may have inherent defects from the manufacturing process, such as material impurities or faulty construction, which can cause premature failure.
• Software Glitches: In some cases, software issues within the device can cause abnormal battery drain or charging problems, leading to premature battery failure if not addressed.
• Low Voltage Conditions: Operating devices under low voltage conditions, consistently discharging the battery to deficient levels, can cause irreversible damage and lead to dead batteries over time.
• Improper Storage: Storing batteries in inappropriate conditions, such as extreme temperatures or high humidity, can accelerate degradation and contribute to premature failure.
• Non-Optimal Charging Practices: Using improper chargers or charging devices in non-recommended ways can lead to overcharging, undercharging, or inconsistent charging patterns, contributing to battery failure.

Part 2. How to revive a dead battery?

Reviving a dead battery can be a helpful skill, saving you time and money. Here are a few methods that can help:

Recharge the Battery

The simplest way to revive a dead battery is to recharge it. Connect the battery to a compatible charger and allow it to charge fully. This process might take some time, so be patient. Once the battery reaches an adequate charge level, it should start functioning again.

Jump-Start the Battery

Jump-starting is a standard method for reviving car batteries. Connect the dead battery to a functioning vehicle&#;s battery using jumper cables. Let the working vehicle run for a few minutes, boosting the dead battery. Attempt to start the car with the dead battery, and if successful, let it run to recharge.

Use a Battery Reconditioner

Battery reconditioners are devices designed to restore the performance of dead or weak batteries. They apply controlled charging and discharging cycles to the battery, helping break down sulfation (a common cause of battery failure) and improve overall battery health.

Warm Up the Battery

Warming the battery to room temperature can improve its performance if it is cold. However, avoid excessive heat sources, which can further damage the battery.

Part 3. How do you fix a lithium-ion battery that won&#;t charge?

If you encounter a lithium-ion battery that won&#;t charge, consider the following steps:

Check the Charging Cable and Port

First, inspect the charging cable for any signs of damage, such as frayed wires or bent connectors.   Similarly, examine the charging port on your device for debris or obstructions. Cleaning the port with compressed air or a soft brush can help establish a proper connection and restore charging functionality.

Perform a Hard Reset

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Sometimes, a hard reset can resolve charging issues with lithium-ion batteries. This involves turning off the device, removing the battery (if possible), and holding the power button for 15-20 seconds. Reinsert the battery (if applicable) and attempt to charge the device again.

Reset the Battery Management System (BMS)

Some devices have a built-in Battery Management System (BMS) regulating charging and discharging. Resetting the BMS can sometimes resolve charging issues. To do this, fully discharge the battery, then recharge it to total capacity without interruption.

Freeze the Battery

This method involves placing the battery in a sealed bag and placing it in the freezer for several hours. Freezing the battery can temporarily restore its ability to hold a charge by stabilizing the chemicals inside. However, this method is also suitable for types of lithium-ion batteries, and there is a risk of damaging the battery if not done correctly.

Apply a Controlled Overcharge

Applying a controlled overcharge can sometimes revive a lithium-ion battery that won&#;t charge. This involves connecting the battery to a charger with a slightly higher voltage than usual for a short period. However, users should approach this method cautiously, as overcharging can damage the battery incorrectly.

Replace the Battery

If all else fails, the lithium-ion battery itself might be the problem. In such cases, contacting the device manufacturer or a professional technician is advisable to obtain a replacement battery. Ensure you purchase a genuine battery compatible with your device, as counterfeit or incompatible batteries can pose safety risks.

Part 4. How long can a lithium-ion battery last without charging?

Self-Discharge Rate

Lithium-ion batteries naturally lose charge over time, even when not in use. The self-discharge rate differs between battery models but is generally low. On average, a lithium-ion battery can retain approximately 80% of its charge after one month of inactivity.

Battery Capacity

The initial capacity of the battery also plays a role. Higher-capacity batteries tend to retain their charge for longer periods than lower-capacity ones. However, it&#;s important to note that the self-discharge rate remains a factor, regardless of the battery&#;s capacity.

Part 5. Importance of battery maintenance

Proper battery maintenance is crucial for maximizing battery life and performance. Here&#;s why it matters:

Prolonged Battery Lifespan

To significantly extend the lifespan of a battery, practice regular maintenance, such as avoiding over-draining and ensuring timely recharging. By adopting good battery habits, you can reduce the frequency of dead batteries and the need for replacements.

Optimal Performance

Well-maintained batteries consistently deliver optimal performance. Whether it&#;s a smartphone, laptop, or any other device, an adequately taken care of battery will provide longer usage times and reliable charging capabilities.

Cost Savings

By maintaining your batteries effectively, you can save on replacement costs. Dead batteries often necessitate purchasing new ones, which can be expensive, especially for devices with non-removable batteries. Taking care of your batteries properly can help you avoid unnecessary expenses.

Environmental Impact

Proper battery maintenance also has positive environmental implications. By extending the lifespan of batteries, we reduce the number of batteries that end up in landfills. This contributes to a greener and more sustainable approach to battery usage.

Part 6. Final thoughts

In conclusion, by understanding the causes of dead batteries, we can take proactive steps to prevent their failure. Through effective maintenance practices, such as avoiding over-draining, handling batteries carefully, and storing them correctly, we can prolong their lifespan and ensure reliable power for our devices. Additionally, timely troubleshooting and utilizing appropriate revival techniques can help us revive dead batteries and restore their functionality.

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Henry

Battery Industry Content Writer

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