Stage Lighting Design, Part 1: Introduction to Lighting

01 Jul.,2024

 

Stage Lighting Design, Part 1: Introduction to Lighting

Are you ready to immerse yourself in the fascinating world of stage lighting design?  In this series, we'll take you on a journey through the essential aspects of lighting design, from the very basics of light and color to the technological innovations that allow you to bring your artistic vision to life.

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Whether you're an aspiring lighting designer, a theatre enthusiast, or simply curious about the art, we've got you covered. So fasten your seatbelt, and get ready to embark on a thrilling adventure through the captivating world of stage lighting design!

Introduction to Lighting

Humans are inherently storytellers. From the days when cavemen used to gather around the fire and share tales of the day&#;s hunt, to the elaborate spectacles of modern theatre, we have always been telling stories. Theatres have developed and evolved over time to adapt to different technologies and styles of production. As our theatres were developing, lighting systems were developing too.

Early Greek theatre took place in large outdoor amphitheatres where the only source of illumination was the sun. As theatre moved indoors, new methods of lighting the performances was required, with flame (candle and gas) being some of the early technologies adopted. No matter the source, the ability to control the light has always been a requirement. Early mechanical dimming systems were developed to control the light from candles, complex valves and piping systems were developed for gas light, and the dimming of electric light has also undergone many iterations.

Since the mid &#;s, the tungsten light bulb was the staple of theatrical lighting instruments with discharge lamps (and occasionally fluorescent and other sources) also being used. The past few years have seen a rapid development in lighting technology, with LED lighting becoming more prevalent on our stages. This has had a dramatic effect on the way we design lighting and the level of control that we now require in order to manage our lighting systems correctly.

Light and the Eye

Before we start to talk about stage lighting and the power light has in helping you to bring your show to life, it is important that we first take some time and consider how light behaves and how our eyes perceive light.

Light is the only thing that our eyes can see. When light strikes an object, whether it is sunlight, moonlight, or stage light, it is the light that object reflects that we are actually seeing. If an object does not reflect any light at all, then we see the object as being black.

This is why most theatres take a &#;black box&#; approach to the overall design of the stage &#; by starting with a black box, you are limiting the amount of stray light that will be reflected in the theatre. Lighting design is about the precise control of light, so having the starting point of a dark theatre on a black stage means that you have a blank canvas onto which you can start to create your lighting looks.

It is interesting to note that light and paint are in fact complete opposites of each other. As a painter, you would usually start with a blank canvas that is white. As a lighting designer (or theatre maker) your blank canvas tends to be black. Similarly, when working with color, the relationship between paint and light is inverted.

You may have heard the expression that lighting designers &#;paint with light&#; and, to a certain extent, this is a good description of the process.

Light behaves predictably and understanding how light works will help you take advantage of all its properties when you are creating your show. Light is part of the Electromagnetic Spectrum &#; the same spectrum that also includes X-rays, gamma rays, and microwaves. Visible light occupies a very narrow portion of this spectrum. Either side of the visible light spectrum is ultraviolet light and infrared light.

Light is a form of energy and as such, the rules of energy apply. Energy is never lost; it is only converted from one form to another. In terms of stage lighting, most of the energy wasted is in the form of heat. Electrical energy is converted into light and heat, with traditional tungsten fixtures being quite inefficient, as only about 30% of the electrical energy is converted into usable light, the rest being converted to heat. LED fixtures are more efficient, and a higher percentage of the energy consumed is converted into light.

Another factor to keep in mind is the rule of reflection &#; angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

If light strikes an object at an angle of 30°, then it will reflect at the same angle. This is important to remember, as controlling where the reflected light ends up is part of the role of the lighting designer. Lighting that is reflected towards the audience will appear brighter than light which is reflected away from them.

 

If you found this information helpful, don't miss our blog series dedicated to the art of stage lighting design, right here:

Stage Lighting Design, Part 1: Introduction to Lighting
Stage Lighting Design, Part 2: Objectives of Lighting Design
Stage Lighting Design, Part 3: Controllable Properties of Light
Stage Lighting Design, Part 4: Types of Lights
Stage Lighting Design, Part 5: Lighting Angles
Stage Lighting Design, Part 6: Color
Stage Lighting Design, Part 7: Lighting Systems
Stage Lighting Design, Part 8: Planning Your Design
Stage Lighting Design, Part 9: Getting Technical
Stage Lighting Design: Glossary

This blog series is an adaptation of our free digital guide, Stage Lighting Design: An Introduction, based on content written by ETC Outreach and Training Specialist, Declan Randall.

We drew inspiration for this blog post from Stage Lighting Design: An Introduction. Created by ETC, with the intention of aiding theatre technology educators and students, this valuable resource is now available for all those interested in the art of lighting design. Head over to our website and get your hands on the complete digital publication of Stage Lighting Design: An Introduction and a set of complementary posters, all available for free download.

Stage Lighting Theory

Stage lighting is a key component to creating intoxicating performances. The lights illuminate the stage, highlight key focal points, set the scene, and more. From giving visual direction to grabbing the audience&#;s attention to shaping and enhancing the environment, lighting adds a unique layer to every show.

Stage performances are exceptional due in part to the lighting that makes them even more enchanting. Learn how lighting affects mood in theatre performances and more with this helpful guide.

The Benefits of Stage Lighting

At Illuminated Integration, we understand the importance of good stage lighting design. Stage lighting has multiple benefits for every performance. Lighting makes a positive impact on the stage and provides an exceptional experience for your audience in several ways:

  • Offers strategic visibility: The audience must be able to see the action during a scene while potential distractions remain out of sight. Proper stage lighting illuminates the areas the audience is meant to see and provides cover for crew members to prepare other areas of the stage unobtrusively.
  • Creates ambiance: Lighting can impact the mood of the audience. Bright, dim or colored lighting can help set the mood and match the exact emotion that the performers are conveying.
  • Helps suspend your disbelief: While some performances intentionally cultivate an unrealistic setting or tone, lighting can make the audience feel like they&#;re still witnessing something real.
  • Emphasizes what&#;s essential: If you want the audience to focus on one particular area or action, lighting can help make that possible. Proper lighting directs the audience&#;s attention exactly where you want it through the subtlety of a color shift or the directness of a spotlight.
  • Provides punctuation: From the stage lights going out to the house lights going up, lighting marks when it&#;s time for intermission or the end of a performance. Beyond simply informing the audience of the timing, this lighting effect can also punctuate the mood. A slow, gentle fade can evoke a sense of pleasant calm, while a sudden cut to black might be suitable for a more dramatic moment.

Stage Lighting Theories

There are different ways to produce various visual effects when it comes to lighting up the stage. Using the proper lighting setup will help create highlights and shadows that will help captivate the viewers. Here are three basic lighting theories for stages and how they can help deliver exceptional ambiance for any performance.

Straight-On Viewing

Straight-on stage lighting works to mimic how the sun highlights objects from a straight-on point of view. It&#;s ideal for working with only one direction of viewing. This type of lighting requires lights to touch the focal point with 360-degree coverage, which requires strategic positioning for three fixtures.

One fixture should be at a 45-degree angle above the focal point and 45-degrees to one side. This fixture will act as the key light, the primary light source for this design. The other two fixtures act as fill lights. One should be at the same 45-degree overhead angle as the key light, on the opposite side of the focal point at a mirrored 45-degree angle. The final light fixture is positioned immediately above or 45-degree behind the object.

While staying close to the 45-degree angles will create a more natural lighting effect, you can change the measurements to change the effects. For instance, sharp angles above or below the object will create extremely exaggerated shadows on someone&#;s face &#; ideal if you are trying to achieve an unnatural lighting effect.

Multiple Views

Stages that have more than one direction for viewing require multiple view lighting. The general setup for multiple view lighting remains relatively the same as straight-on viewing, though it requires you to add more fixtures.

Consider, for example, a stage open to the audience on three sides. You need three or four front lights for viewers from each direction to experience the same effects. In a three-fixture setup, a frontal fill light joins two key lights to the left and right sides. The four-light design requires a key light and a fill light on either side of the stage. These setups keep the relationship between key and fill lights the same for either side of the audience.

Extended View

You can properly execute light effects while still utilizing basic stage lighting theory when lighting for other viewing positions. To use this technique, you can add fill lights in conjunction with the key lights to help provide the right amount of lighting.

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This type of lighting helps enhance body modeling and is popular for performances like ballet, where the lighting can help enhance the dancers&#; movements.

Using Color in Lighting

Color helps to bring an entire performance together. It assists with establishing the setting from start to finish and enhances the moods that the performance needs to convey to the audience.

We live in a world of colors that symbolize and even impact our moods, intentions and focus. While we might overlook how colors affect us on a daily basis, they come to the forefront when they&#;re used as part of a theatrical performance.

Find out how to use stage lighting color theory to contribute to stories successfully being played out on stage.

Additive Color Theory/RBG Lighting

RBG lighting is done by fading colored LEDs or lights up and down to mix them together until they achieve a particular final color.

Lighting&#;s primary colors, used to produce a wide range of stage light color combinations, are red, blue, and green. The majority of LED and RBG lights are comprised of lights in these colors to help produce different combinations:

  • Blue and red lights combine to create magenta.
  • Red and green lights combine to create yellow.
  • Green and blue lights combine to make cyan.

You can expand these color options even further by adding amber or white light. When you direct the different lights onto a backdrop, the combination creates the ideal color.

Subtractive Color Theory/CMY Lighting

It&#;s common for moving lights and other color mixing engines to have a lamp that produces white light. These lamps generally have a set of three color filters &#; cyan, magenta and yellow &#; attached to them. When the light shines through one of the filters, they block light in their complementary color while letting the other light through. For example, a cyan filter would block red light while allowing green and blue light through.

Using these secondary colors instead of the primary red, blue and green helps produce deeper, richer colors for CMY mixing.

Hue and Saturation

Lighting colors function based on two different factors:

  • Hue: A color&#;s hue designates what the exact color is. For example, lime and pine green, lemon and goldenrod yellow and cobalt and navy blue represent different hues of the same colors.
  • Saturation: A color&#;s saturation level determines how much pigment there is, differentiating pastels and deeper colors. Lighting colors with high saturation levels are richer and more intense than colors with low saturation levels.

Color Temperature

Different light sources carry different color temperatures, a factor of white light. The lower the light source&#;s color temperature, the more yellow the white light appears to be. If the color temperature is higher, the white light will appear bluer.

Consider the difference between fluorescent light bulbs and traditional incandescent light bulbs. Fluorescent lights have a much higher color temperature, giving them a brighter, bluer effect, while incandescent light bulbs have a yellower, warmer feeling.

Colored Gel

Colored gels are the most common subtractive lighting method for non-LED lights and create an interesting and natural effect.

You can provide the colors you need for stage lighting by placing a &#;gel&#; &#; a colored plastic filter &#; over a fixture to tint the light. However, gels provide muddier colors than CMY lighting, and it can be challenging to get the color you want.

RGB and CMY

One of the key things to remember is that while CMY color wheels subtract from white light, RGB color wheels add color. In some instances, you may prefer one stage lighting method over another, depending on the exact outcome you are looking for.

For example, if you want to mix a deep red, you&#;ll need to know how bright you want it to be. Creating a deep red with RGB is as simple as bringing up the red color. However, creating deep red with CMY by subtracting magenta and having yellow at full exposure will create a deep color but dimmer light.

Stage Lighting Application

As previously discussed, basic lighting theory requires the proper use and placement of lighting equipment. When it comes to stage light application, it&#;s important to be able to evaluate what kinds of equipment you&#;ll need and where to place each fixture to perfect the overall look. This section discusses more factors to consider when preparing the application of stage lighting.

Determine What You Need to Light

Lighting an indoor stage will require multiple lighting fixtures. Basic theatrical lighting fixtures are generally designed to emit light in a 12 to 14-foot radius. When you need to light a large area, such as an entire stage, it&#;s easiest to break down the total area into multiple focus sectors. For instance, 8-foot to 10-foot squares require the overlapping of 12 to 14-foot beams to overlap, so a 16-foot wide by 16-foot deep stage will need a minimum of four focus areas to illuminate the entire area.

This basic setup will vary from stage to stage depending on the size and the points of viewing. If the stage is larger with a three-quarter viewing, you will need more fixtures than you would with a straight-on viewing. A smaller stage may require fewer light fixtures due to fewer focal points.

Determine What Lighting Fixtures You Need

Because there are various fixtures you can use, it&#;s important to carefully consider which ones will best suit your lighting needs for the space and performance:

  • Floodlights: Floodlights can be either symmetric or asymmetric and are used to create a wash of illumination across the stage&#;s background and foreground.
  • Spotlights: These fixtures project a beam of light directly to a specific area
  • Fixed-focus lights: These lamps direct beams of light across wide areas.
  • Soft lamps: Soft lamps eliminate shadows and diffuse light while maintaining the direct lighting focused on an area.
  • Broad lights: These figures target specific stage areas to reduce shadows there.

These broad categories contain many specific lighting fixtures that can help you achieve the exact look you want. While a single spotlight can certainly give a sense of drama, most productions will require a mix of several types of lighting fixtures.

Reduce Lighting Noise

There are many types of noise that can come from lighting fixtures thanks to fans, radiators and movement. Whatever type of lighting fixtures you use, a certain amount of noise interference is inevitable. However, it&#;s essential to try to reduce that noise as much as possible so that it doesn&#;t distract from the performance.

To help reduce noise, try to keep the lighting fixtures well away from the walls and ceiling. If possible, keep their environment relatively cool while they&#;re in use and make sure that the ventilation holes are clear and unobstructed.

Some newer models of lighting fixtures come with a quiet mode that can be used in theatrical settings to help reduce noises. While these fixtures can still make noise, they&#;re likely to be quieter than other models.

Learn More About Stage Lighting From Illuminated Integration

Lighting plays such an important part of our world both inside and out. Trust in the professionals to help with whatever kind of lighting you need.

At Illuminated Integration, we&#;re dedicated to providing superior lighting designs. Our industry veterans will help you through the entire design process. When you work with Illuminated Integration, the experience includes:

  • Meeting with us for an in-depth consultation
  • Discussing what lighting outcomes your stage requires
  • Exploring and mapping the venue
  • Developing original designs through cutting-edge technology
  • Reviewing final drafts and providing your feedback for changes
  • Professional installation of the lighting system as well as providing continuous support

When you need stage lighting for your venue, Illuminated Integration has the knowledge and experience you seek for a job well done. From start to finish, we are there for you every step of the way with unbeatable customer service. Contact us today for more information to see how we can help make your stage lighting dreams a reality.

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