A choke ring antenna is an omnidirectional antenna designed for high frequencies (VHF & UHF). It consists of concentric conductive cylinders surrounding a central antenna. To protect it from the elements, the choke ring antenna is often enclosed in a radome or protective cover when installed outdoors.
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The choke ring antenna is a high-performance GNSS antenna used for base stations, capable of tracking GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou, BeiDou Global, and Galileo systems. Its design meets the requirements for high precision and multi-system compatibility in measurement equipment. This antenna offers a stable phase center and high positioning accuracy for GPS applications. Additionally, the GNSS choke ring antenna includes specially designed filters that reduce multi-path signals in the L1 and L2 bands.
The choke ring antenna provides stable phase-center, offering accuracy at the millimeter level. Its choke ring structure effectively mitigates multipath interference and enables the tracking of low-elevation satellites. The antenna's radome is resistant to water, ice, snow, and dirt, allowing it to operate outdoors throughout the year.
Choke ring antennas are particularly notable for their ability to reject multipath signals, making them ideal for GPS and radar applications. In GPS ground-based receivers, choke ring antennas can provide precise measurements at the millimeter level, which is valuable for surveying and geological measurements.
Application
The 3D choke ring antenna, equipped with multi-path suppression technology, effectively eliminates signal transmission errors. It also exhibits excellent anti-interference performance, suppressing unnecessary electromagnetic signals and preventing blockage from power grids, communication base stations, and radio stations. With its low elevation angle, high gain, good signal reception, and stable phase center, the choke ring antenna ensures sub-millimeter positioning accuracy. Currently, choke ring antennas are widely used in high-precision surveying and mapping, CORS stations, bridge and building deformation monitoring, and geological monitoring due to their sub-millimeter phase center stability.
The automated monitoring solution for geological hazards leverages global satellite navigation satellite positioning (GNSS) technology, sensing technology, the Internet of Things, and cloud computing to provide real-time monitoring of deformation, stress and strain, disaster environment, mud level changes, rainfall, and other indicators. This integrated system collects, transmits, and displays data, offering a comprehensive monitoring solution that enables real-time collection, transmission, and warning of geological disaster monitoring indicators.
The water conservancy dam safety monitoring system utilizes real-time perception of various environmental, deformation, displacement, structure, stress, and seepage parameters to calculate and analyze the overall stability of the dam. It provides timely and accurate alarms for potential hazards, allowing long-term control and scientific data support for safety management. The system facilitates automatic collection, transmission, storage, analysis, and early warning of monitoring data, supporting additional functions such as modifying/deleting data, software window alarms, alarms, SMS alarms, and sound and light alarms.
The hydrological monitoring system enables remote real-time monitoring of water and rain conditions in rivers, reservoirs, artificial rivers, and waterways. It includes modules for user management, hydrological basic information management, GIS, automatic hydrological measurement and reporting, data query and management, data analysis, forecasting and early warning, etc. This system allows management departments to timely grasp the hydrological conditions of the river basin, such as precipitation and water levels, facilitating prompt management decisions.
Online water quality monitoring plays a crucial role in water environment management. By utilizing unmanned ships with water quality monitoring instruments, the online water quality monitoring system can promptly detect abnormal changes in
water quality, provide rapid warning and prediction for water pollution prevention and control, track pollution sources in a timely manner, and effectively save manpower, financial resources, and time costs. Turbidity sensors and various water quality monitoring instruments can be configured according to project requirements. These instruments have the capability to obtain abnormal information records and upload data.
The highway slope safety monitoring solution incorporates global satellite navigation satellite positioning (GNSS) technology, sensing technology, the Internet of Things, cloud computing, and other advanced technologies to monitor real-time conditions such as deformation, stress-strain, disaster-prone environment, mud level changes, and rainfall along highway slopes. This comprehensive monitoring solution enables the collection, transmission, and warning of highway slope safety monitoring indicators in real time.
Mine Safety Monitoring Solution
Online safety monitoring of mining engineering involves conducting real-time and systematic scientific analysis of changes in slope engineering morphology based on slope engineering monitoring data. This analysis aims to predict, avoid, and reduce unsafe factors on slopes, providing reliable data and a scientific basis for the correct analysis, evaluation, prediction, and treatment of unstable slope areas.
To enhance bridge safety and health, control bridge damage, and eliminate safety hazards, this solution integrates advanced monitoring technology for bridge safety monitoring. It provides a targeted structural health online monitoring system for bridges, considering their different types, structures, and geographical locations. The system enables real-time collection, transmission, and warning of bridge monitoring indicators.
The Structural Health Monitoring solution for high-rise buildings is a highly integrated system that incorporates monitoring sensors, intelligent acquisition units, communication systems, power supply systems, and more. It can operate in harsh environments for extended periods, offering low power consumption, strong stability, and easy installation. By monitoring various data, the system transmits information to a data collection management and monitoring warning cloud platform. This platform performs data analysis, storage, query, analysis, display, statistics, warning, reporting, and other functions.
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In conclusion, choke ring antennas have a wide range of applications and benefits for various industries. Whether you are working in aviation, navigation, or telecommunications, understanding the capabilities of choke ring antennas is crucial for improving performance and efficiency. If you're interested in learning more about choke ring antennas or have any questions, feel free to contact us. Our team of experts is always happy to assist you with your antenna needs.
The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) relies on the use of radio-frequency (RF) waves to transmit the navigation message. Understanding how devices receive the waves is an important part of using the system. Once transmitted, a GNSS satellite's signal must be received by a device using an antenna. There are an assortment of antenna types available with different characteristics, cabling, and connectors as well as a variety of different antenna accessories.
The three major antenna types used in GNSS systems are patch, helical, and choke-ring antennas. The shape of the sensing element that captures the RF waves is the major difference between them. Antenna design can also affect the gain, a measure of how well an antenna receives the intended RF energy. Receiving antennas are characterized by how efficiently they can capture the incoming signal from the direction of interest. This is known as the gain and is specified in units of decibels (dB). In general, larger antennas contain larger sensing elements which leads to higher gains.
Each antenna also has a location where the signal is tracked known as the phase center, which can vary over temperature and may be important in some applications.
Passive antennas consist of only an RF receiving element and draw no power from the receiver while active antennas contain a low-noise amplifier and must receive power from the receiver through the RF connector. Active antennas typically add 3-50 mA of current draw to a system. The low-noise amplifier allows an active antenna to compensate for cable loss and increases the gain closer to unity.
Patch antennas, also called microstrip antennas, consist of a sheet of metal that acts as the sensing element separated by an insulator from a larger sheet called a ground plane. This allows for a low-profile shape that is good for mounting on flat surfaces. The ground plane helps reduce multipath, but also makes patch antennas directional. Patch antennas can be cheaply and easily fabricated on printed circuit boards and are commonly used in mobile electronics. Patch antenna construction and an example product form can be seen in Figure 4.6.
Helical or helix antennas are made of one or more wires wound into the form of a helix, and take a cylindrical shape, as seen in Figure 4.7. While most often mounted over a ground plane, omnidirectional designs can be achieved by omitting the ground plane. Helical antennas are versatile since they can operate in either normal mode or axial mode depending on the helix circumference relative to the intended wavelength. Normal mode is used when transmitting or receiving waves that are perpendicular to the helical axis, while the axial mode is for transmitting or receiving waves in the direction of the helical axis. These antennas can be made small enough for mobile applications or much larger. Due to their design, helical antennas are more susceptible to multipath.
Choke-ring antennas are a directional design that consists of a central receiving element and a series of hollow concentric rings which act to greatly remove multipath signals. The multipath rejection and high phase-center stability of these antennas allow for the millimeter-level accuracy required for surveying applications. However, their large size makes them less ideal when mobility is required. A choke-ring antenna design is shown in Figure 4.8.
The RF waves transmitted from the GNSS satellites can be susceptible to multipath interference, which occurs when the signals reflect off solid objects such as buildings and terrain prior to reaching the GNSS antenna. This causes the satellite signal to make multiple paths before reaching the GNSS antenna and can cause errors in the navigation solution. To prevent multipath interference from beneath the antenna, a ground plane is often mounted under the GNSS antenna. Ground planes can be any thin piece of metal, including foil, that block any multipath interference from reflecting up to the base of the antenna. Ground planes do not need to be electrically grounded.
GNSS signals occur below the noise floor and require special processing algorithms to recover the signal. For this reason, it is important to reduce any potential additional losses. Antenna characteristics, cable loss and connector loss can each contribute to how well a signal is received. The choice of cable, connector, and optionally a splitter, will have an effect on the GNSS signal strength.
Due to the high frequencies used in GNSS signal reception, coaxial cables are used. Coaxial cables consist of a central conductor surrounded by a dielectric, an outer conductor, and an outer insulator. Keeping cables short reduces GNSS signal strength loss, as does larger diameter cables.
Figure 4.9 shows three common RF connectors: U.FL, SMA, and MMCX. Each varies in size and latching mechanism and force, so are useful for different applications.
U.FL connectors are the smallest, commonly used to attach an antenna directly on an exposed PCB near a GNSS chip. These connectors are not meant to be attached or removed much as this can wear them out quickly. They can operate up to 6 GHz and are typically used for short distances. Shown in Figure 4.9a, a U.FL connector is typically only rated for ten connects and disconnects. Due to this, these connectors are designed for use as board to board connectors, rather than as panel mount connectors.
Sub-miniature version-A (SMA) connectors are available in male/female, but also in reverse polarity (typically denoted by RP) form that keeps the same electrical connections but puts the center pin on the threaded female connector. SMA connectors typically have performance up to 18 GHz and insertion loss as low as 0.17 dB. Figure 4.9b shows these connectors.
Micro-miniature coaxial connectors (MMCX) are smaller than SMA connectors and around a third of the weight. They have a 360-degree swivel mechanism and are popular in consumer electronics. MMCX connectors can operate up to 6 GHz with insertion loss of 0.3 dB and are designed for use as board to board connectors rather than as panel mount connectors. A MMCX connector is shown next to an SMA Connector in Figure 4.9c.
RF splitters allow for multiple devices to receive the same GNSS signal. RF splitters divide a signal into 2 or more outputs, each having a fraction of the strength of the original. A 1-to-2 splitter will have a 3 dB decrease (50% power) on each output. Larger splitters are usually made from combinations of 1-to-2 splitters, so each additional division will lower the strength by 3 dB. It is important not to split a signal too many times or it may become difficult to recover for the GNSS receiver without adding another amplifier (which increases noise). In addition, splitters often contain DC blocks on all but one antenna to prevent multiple powered antenna sources from being in parallel and damaging each other. The low-noise amplifier on an active antenna only needs one source of power.
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