Geodetic vs Plane Surveying: Methods and Instruments

Plane surveying is the method of measuring small areas of the earth's surface by disregarding curvature and geoid effects. It relies on a local coordinate system, such as the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM), to determine the positions and elevations of points on a flat plane. This surveying technique is commonly used for engineering, construction, cadastral, and topographic purposes, and requires the use of specialized instruments and techniques. For instance, a transit is an instrument that measures horizontal and vertical angles by rotating a telescope mounted on a horizontal and vertical axis. Additionally, distance can be measured with a tape, which is a device that uses a flexible and graduated strip of metal, cloth, or plastic. Moreover, a compass is an instrument that measures the direction of a line by using a magnetic needle that aligns with the earth's magnetic field. It can also measure angles with the help of a protractor, which is a circular or semicircular device that shows the degrees of rotation.

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In this article, we will see about Geodetic Surveying, what is it, its features and its types. 

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What is Geodetic Surveying?

Geodetic surveying is the process of measuring and mapping the earth's surface and its features. 

This technique uses precise measurement techniques and equipment, such as GPS (Global Positioning System), to determine the exact position, location, and elevation of points on the earth's surface.

It plays a crucial role in a wide range of applications, including construction, land development, mining, agriculture, and environmental management. In construction, we use it to accurately determine the location and elevation of structures, roads, and other infrastructure. 

In land development, we use geodetic surveying to create maps and plans for new subdivisions and building sites. In mining and agriculture, we use it to determine the boundaries and locations of mining claims and land parcels, as well as to monitor and manage water resources.

It is typically performed by professional surveyors who have specialized knowledge and training in this field. The process involves using specialized equipment, such as GPS receivers and total stations, to collect data about the earth's surface. 

The data is then analyzed and processed using specialized software to create detailed maps and models of the area being surveyed.

One of the key benefits of geodetic surveying is its high level of accuracy. With modern equipment and techniques, surveyors can measure points on the earth's surface with sub-millimeter precision, allowing for highly accurate mapping and measurement. 

This accuracy is essential in many applications, such as construction and land development, where precise location and elevation measurements are critical to ensure safety and proper functioning of structures and infrastructure.

So, geodetic surveying is a critical technique for measuring and mapping the earth's surface and its features. Its high level of accuracy and precision make it an essential tool in a wide range of applications, from construction and land development to mining and environmental management. 

With the continued advancements in technology and equipment, geodetic surveying will continue to play an important role in shaping our understanding of the world around us.

Types of Geodetic Surveying

There are several types of geodetic survey, including:

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• Control Survey: This type of survey is used to establish a network of reference points on the ground to which all subsequent surveys can be tied. Control surveys provide the foundation for accurate mapping and surveying.
• Topographic Survey: This type of survey is used to create a detailed map of the surface features of a particular area. Topographic surveys show contours, elevations, natural features like rivers and lakes, and man-made features like roads and buildings.
• Cadastral Survey: This type of survey is used to establish the boundaries of land ownership. Cadastral surveys are used to create maps that show property lines, property dimensions, and other important information related to land ownership.
• Engineering Survey: This type of survey is used to provide precise measurements for the design and construction of engineering projects like roads, bridges, and buildings. Engineering surveys are used to determine elevation, location, and orientation of construction features.
• Hydrographic Survey: This type of survey is used to map and measure underwater features like the ocean floor, riverbeds, and lakes. Hydrographic surveys are used in oceanography, environmental management, and navigation.
• Astronomical Survey: This type of survey uses astronomical observations to establish positions and orientation on the earth's surface. Astronomical surveys use precise measurements of celestial objects to determine latitude, longitude, and azimuth.

Example of Geodetic Surveying

An example of a geodetic survey could be a topographic survey of a new construction site. 

The surveyors would use specialized equipment, such as GPS receivers and total stations, to measure the elevation and location of various points on the site. This data would be used to create a detailed map of the site that shows the contours, elevations, and other surface features.

The topographic survey would help the construction team to design the site plan and layout of the new building, taking into account the existing surface features and any changes that need to be made to the site to ensure proper drainage and safety. 

The survey would also provide information on the location and elevation of utilities like water and sewer lines, helping the construction team to avoid costly and time-consuming mistakes.

In this example, the topographic survey is just one type of geodetic survey used in a construction project. Other types of surveys, such as control surveys and engineering surveys, may also be used to ensure that the construction is accurate and precise. 

Overall, geodetic surveys play a critical role in many industries, helping to ensure accuracy and safety in a wide range of applications.

Which instruments are used in Geodetic surveying?

Geodetic surveying requires specialized instruments that are designed to measure and record precise data about the earth's surface. Some of the most commonly used instruments in geodetic surveying include:

• GPS (Global Positioning System) Receivers: GPS receivers are used to determine the exact location of a point on the earth's surface. They use satellite signals to calculate the position of the receiver, which can be used to determine the location of other points in the area being surveyed.
• Total Stations: Total stations are electronic surveying instruments that measure both distance and angles. They are used to measure the distance between two points and the angle between those points, allowing surveyors to calculate the position of each point.
• Theodolites: Theodolites are surveying instruments that measure angles and distances. They are used to determine the vertical and horizontal angles between two points, which can be used to calculate the position of those points.
• Levels: Levels are instruments that measure the elevation of a point on the earth's surface. They are used to determine the difference in elevation between two points, which is important in construction and land development.
• Laser Scanners: Laser scanners are used to create highly detailed 3D models of the earth's surface. They emit laser beams that reflect off of the surface, creating a detailed map of the area being surveyed.
• Digital Cameras: Digital cameras are used to capture high-resolution images of the earth's surface. These images can be used to create detailed maps and models of the area being surveyed.

Features of Geodetic Surveying

• Precision: Geodetic surveying requires precise measurements of the earth's surface, often to within millimeters or even smaller units. This precision is essential for accurate mapping and surveying.
• Global Scope: Geodetic surveying can be used to create maps and models of the entire earth's surface, making it a truly global field of study.
• Use of Advanced Technology: Geodetic surveying relies heavily on advanced technology, including GPS receivers, total stations, laser scanners, and other sophisticated instruments.
• Multiple Applications: Geodetic surveying has many practical applications, including mapping, construction, land management, environmental monitoring, and navigation.
• Integration with Other Disciplines: Geodetic surveying is closely linked with other fields, including geology, geography, astronomy, and physics. This interdisciplinary approach allows surveyors to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the earth's surface and the forces that shape it.
• High Level of Skill and Training: Geodetic surveying requires a high level of skill and training, as well as a deep understanding of advanced mathematics, physics, and technology.

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